PMC

a) Concept of the flexible microneedle skin patch attached on arm, elbow, and knuckle. The patch consists of four functional components integrated on a whole PDMS sheet: Microneedle patch; Dry adhesive patch, TEH patch, and pump system. b) Detailed structure and functional components of the flexible microneedle skin patch; c) Detailed structure of an individual bendable microneedle; d) Detailed layer structure of the TEH patch; e) Image of fabricated skin patch; f) Attach the patch on flat skin surface like arm, power can be generated by pressing and lifting up the TEH patch g) Attach the patch at the joint like elbow or finger, power can be generated by bending and unbending the elbow or finger.

Procedure to apply a microneedle patch to the skin. (A) The subject or investigator picks up the patch and removes the protective cap. (B) The subject forms a fist in the other hand and then the subject or investigator places the patch on the forearm. The subject or investigator pushes on the patch with the thumb and continues to apply force until hearing a ‘click’ sound, indicating that enough force has been applied. (C) The subject leaves the patch on the skin for 20 min, after which the subject or investigator peels the patch off the skin and the investigator saves the patch for additional analysis.

Dashed line represents patch boundary moving with velocity , with patch to left of boundary. Uncomplexed SNAREs (density profile , blue) bind within patch forming complexes (density profile , red). Far outside (inside) patch () approaches the initial SNARE density, . The vertical axis indicates the density scale and shows how compares to two constant density values, and . (A) Slow patch growth (). SNAREs bind rapidly inside the boundary and a diffusion-depleted zone of SNAREs develops outside the patch. The SNARE profile penetrates a small distance into the patch. Because the boundary moves slowly compared to complex diffusion the complex diffusion length exceeds so is relatively flat and the boundary density is undepleted, . (B) Intermediate patch growth (.) As for the slow regime the SNARE profile is diffusion-depleted near the boundary. However patch growth is now fast relative to complex diffusion such that ; only a portion of those complexes generated in the patch catch up with the boundary before it moves on and the boundary density is depleted, . (C) Fast patch growth (). SNARE binding is slow compared to patch growth so SNARE density is little depleted at the boundary and is large. As for the intermediate regime, but the complex boundary density is even more depleted relative to .

Immunofluoresence result of neo-intima on the patch in different time group and atorvastatin dose group. These figures are the cell infiltrate to the patch co-stained with DAPI (blue), ADAM10 (red) and ephrinB2 (green) together. Control panel is the patch not treated with the atorvastatin. At 1 week, ephrinB2 increasing as atorvastatin dose goes up, and ADAM10 showed tiny decreasing trend as atorvastatin dose goes up. Similar as 1 week, at 4 weeks, ephrinB2 signal showed increasing as atorvastatin dose goes up and ADAM10 signal showed obvious diminish trend as atorvastatin dose goes up. Scale bar is 50 µm.